Decomposed organic matter, or humus, lies at the heart of what constitutes fertile soil. Building humus is the only way to ensure healthy crops under virtually all circumstances. The addition of compost, livestock manure or wood ash, and maintaining a slightly acidic pH (6-6.5 depending on the crop that is grown) can strongly benefit the land's health for the long run.
Soil texture, whether clay, silt or sand, also plays a role in determining its quality. A balanced combination of the three, known as sandy loam, is ideal for retaining nutrients and water, while also allowing for excess water to drain away.
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